There is growing concern about the link between the cosmetic use tanning beds and the increasing incidence of skin cancer in Scotland. This problem has been against Cancer Conference in Scotland last year, when a case for the accurate regulation of sunbed operators was highlighted that. It was felt that more stringent controls have a positive impact on the prevention of skin cancer may have.
Individuals and organizations interested in the prevention of skin cancer have continued to express concern aboutincreased use of sun beds and the effect this may have on levels of skin cancer, which is the fastest growing cancer in Scotland, and a particular problem in the west of Scotland. The risk of skin cancer is lifetime exposure to ultraviolet light and intense exposure to light the relationship is harmful to the skin. For example, too much time spent in the sun on holiday abroad or in the sun too long, the occasional hot day spent in Scotland, this type of exposure.
SunBed with a form of intense exposure to ultraviolet light. One session per month will double the annual average individual dose of UV radiation. Bed use is increasing in Scotland and now there is a considerable amount of evidence that sunbed industry suffers from a lack of regulation. Cases of misconduct on the part of operators have been documented in a survey by the Royal Environmental Health Institute of Scotland (REHIS). In particular, there are indications thatChildren are particularly sensitive to UV rays, are now regular beds. To burn a single day as a child increases the risk of skin cancer in adulthood.
Tanning in general
Tanning is your body's natural protection against sunburn, is what your body was designed to do. Developing a tan is a natural way to protect the body against the dangers of sunburn and further exposure.
Whether you tan outdoors under the sun or indoors in a tanning salonThe structure is the same tan. This natural process occurs when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light. The light is a wave of energy that travel along the sun around the earth. Each energy wave can for its length in nanometers (nm), which are a billionth of a meter identified. The light can be divided into three general categories: infrared, visible and invisible. UV light is invisible in the spectrum of light. There are three types of ultraviolet rays: UVA, UVB andUVC. Tanning is located in the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis. There are three main types of skin cells in your epidermis: basal cells, keratinocytes and melanocytes. All play different roles in the tanning process. Everyone has roughly the same number of melanocytes in their body - about 5 million. Your genes determine how much pigment your melanocytes can produce. Melanocytes release extra melanosomes when you touch ultraviolet rays. This produces a tan inYour skin.
Skin Types
I - Always burns, not tan, pale white skin, and "Celtic"
II - Burns easily, tans minimally, white skin
III. - Burns moderately, tans gradually to light brown, average Caucasian skin
IV - Burns minimally, always tans well to moderately brown, olive skin
V - Rarely burns, tans very dark brown leather
VI. - Does not burn, highly pigmented black skin
The effects of UV rays
We have to show a body of scientific research,that the production of the active form of vitamin D is one of the most effective ways the body controls abnormal cell growth. The moderate sun exposure is the only way for the body to recommend vitamin D required for the production of active vitamin BE-1997, the production of the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine, 200 IU / day of vitamin D for women aged 50 years or younger, 400 IU / day for people aged 51-70 and 600 IU / day for those over the age of 70 Moderate exposureSunlight helps the body to produce vitamin D and eat salmon or mackerel and drinking fortified milk or juices is a step in the right direction. The amount of vitamin D in a given period of exposure is formed depends on the color of the skin - that is, how your skin rich in melanin. Melanin absorbs UV radiation. Therefore, it is the production of vitamin D. The darker the skin a person takes, the more he or she has formed the sun or exposed to UVB radiation in significant quantitiesof vitamin D.
Like melanin, sunscreen also absorbs UV radiation and therefore greatly reduces the cutaneous production of vitamin D. For example, sunscreen with a PDF of 8 increases a person's ability to produce vitamin D by 95% a. This also means winter sun in northern latitudes is not enough UVB radiation, vitamin D in the skin leads to a reduction in the levels of vitamin D production in the winter.
Moderate exercise is the responsible way to maximize the potential benefits of sun orUV exposure while minimizing the potential risks associated with the light of the sun too much or too little. Avoid sunburn is crucial for moderation. Painful sunburns before the age of 20 years - no lifetime exposure to the sun - is the factor associated with an increased risk of melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer.
History and facts of the Indoor Tanning
Europeans started tanning beds at home with solar lamps, such as that emitted ultraviolet (UV) light therapyPhysical exercise, use of positive psychological and physiological effects of UV light. This practice was widespread in Europe, especially from the private sun Nordic countries since 1970 - was founded a few years before the first tanning facility in the United Kingdom. Although tanning is considered window-dressing, the roots are therapeutic and many people visit, in fact, solarium structures for this purpose.
The tanning industry has grownmuch in 25 years. Today there is a strong part of small businesses. And every year about 10 percent of the population visited a tanning salon. This activity is estimated a value of 3000000000 pounds worldwide.
Position the tanning industry is summarized in this statement:
"Moderate tanning, for individuals, can develop a tan is the smartest way to maximize the potential benefits of sun exposure while minimizing the potential risks associatedtoo much or too little sunlight. "
The indoor tanning industry claims to be a part of the solution will teach in the ongoing battle against sunburn by people how to identify a suitable and functional for a lifetime skin care. No legislation covers only the following Government guidance sun:
"Like the sun, sunbeds give UV rays that can increase the risk of skin cancer. The more there are, the greater the risk is likely, and when the tan fades, theDamage to the skin remains. If you are under 16, you should never be a tanning bed, as young skin is delicate and subject to damages of elderly skin. Even if you're over 16, you should be very careful when you select an application. You should also avoid lying at all really, if:
a. - Have fair skin and freckles
b. - Easily burn
c. - Have a lot of moles
d. - A family history of skin cancer
e. - Drugs used to increase sensitivity to UV radiation.
If you decide toTo make one, you are limited to two sessions per week for a period of 30 weeks a year. But remember that if you do not tan in the sun, you will not tan no longer simply lying on one. "
Skin Cancer
Skin cancer has a 20 - to 30-year latency. The rates of skin cancer we see today are probably the result of bad habits since 1960, years 1970 and 1980 that were based on ignorance and misinformation about the sun. In those days, many people still like sunburninconvenient right of spring, a precursor to developing a summer tan. People believed that sunburns would "fade" into tans, and so tanners hit the beaches with baby oil and reflectors. Severe burns were commonplace. Today we know how reckless and uninformed that approach was. What's more, the photobiology research found that most cancers of the skin to a strong pattern of intermittent exposure to ultraviolet light in people who are genetically predisposed to skin cancer.These skin cancers are not simply the result of cumulative exposure. Again, this means that the inheritance and a model of repeated burning sun are the primary factors of skin cancer.
Melanoma is a cancer of pigment producing cells (melanocytes). An increased risk of melanoma has been associated with people who have moles or repeated sunburn experiences as a child or young adult in combination. Most melanomas occur on sun-exposed non-body parts. For example, melanomararely found on the face. Although melanoma is only 5% of all new cases of skin cancer diagnosed each year, is responsible for most deaths from skin cancer. Melanoma is the only form of skin cancer that is aggressive with any regularity.
Heredity, fair skin, an unusually high number of moles on the body (over 40) and a history of repeated childhood sunburns all as potential risk factors of this disease are met. As a nation with high inheritance CelticScotland must take into consideration these facts.
Skin cancer epidemic in Scotland
Scotland, you may experience an epidemic of skin cancer, the incidence of skin cancer triple in the last thirty years. There were over 7,000 diagnosed cases of skin cancer in 2001, up from 2,200 in 1975 and have a higher incidence of melanoma reported in Scotland than in the rest of the UK.
In the age group 20-39 years, malignant melanoma is the second most common cancer in the United Kingdom. This is aavoid very young age distribution for adult cancers and emphasizes the importance of prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of the potential loss of many years of life.
On average, approximately 20 years to life for each melanoma death in the UK are lost.
The NHS and a number of cancer charities have been more clearly the sharp increase in the incidence of changing cultural perceptions of a tan as desirable and the strong increase in the number of people connected to holidays in the sun.
Tan grewclearly gained in popularity through ', 1970 1960 and 1980, and skin cancer can develop 20 or more years of waiting for the high rates of skin cancer that will last for many years.
Mortality from skin cancer, especially melanoma, is the most aggressive form, has fallen to rise despite major public health initiatives to raise awareness for sun protection and skin cancer. An attempt was made by health promotion agencies to address this growing problem through the promotion of the fightThe people, their behavior during the holidays and Scottish persuaded to change it on sunny days at home.
Another source of ultraviolet light, the use of sunbeds and solarium on the risk of medical discoveries to health decreases. There are a variety of adverse health effects, including damage to the eyes, light eruption, photosensitivity, premature skin aging and skin cancer have been linked.
The UV rays from sunbeds were in the class 2A carcinogens thatInternational Association for Research on Cancer (IARC), which "probably carcinogenic to humans." Recent analysis of studies in several countries over the past 10 years have shown that the use of tanning beds increases the risk of cancer and the risk appears to be higher when the use begins early in life.
In addition, a major study in the United Kingdom by the British Medical Association has found that tanning beds were 2.5 times more frequent users of developing skin cancer. The risks appear to be higheryouth.
A model was developed for human exposure to solar ultraviolet light tanning and esteem, and this information was used to predict the contribution of sunbeds to melanoma mortality in Great Britain. The results of this study show that sunbeds cause 100 deaths from melanoma every year in the United Kingdom
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended in 2005 that no one under 18 should use a sunbed and there is a need for guidelines or legislation to reduce risksassociated with the use of a solarium. WHO says that growth combined use of sunbeds, with the desire and fashion to have a tan, are considered the main reasons behind the rapid growth in skin cancers in developed countries. Australia, New Zealand, North America and Northern Europe: The highest rates are mostly in countries where people are the most beautiful skin color and where the sun tanning culture is strongest found. People in Scotland are particularly light-skinned, and so onrelatively high risk of developing skin cancer.
Risks associated with using sunbeds associated
Despite the claims of municipalities, the rays of tanning beds are not safer than sun exposure itself. The emission of many beds is greater than that of the midday sun in the Mediterranean. The UVA component of the emission spectrum can be 10-15 times higher than that of the midday sun.
A 1986 survey revealed that people believe the lie that are less harmful to the skin than outdoor tanning beds. This is partlytanning beds because of marketing as a way to create a "safer", "controlled". Positive health claims will be used for chairs cosmetic market.
In 2005, the effect of UV light on the skin to synthesize vitamin D in the body was in an exhibition Tanning Association finances, used to promote the use of tanning beds as well. If a consumer complained to the conclusion, the Advertising Standards Authority upheld the complaint, in recognition of the fact that healthExperts advise chairs as the main source of vitamin D because of the risk associated with skin lesions and cancer.
This is also the conclusion of the American Academy of Dermatology Conference last May was 2005. This conference examined the evidence and suggests that vitamin D supplements are a safer alternative, cheaper and better to increase the levels of vitamin D as UV rays, especially for frail older people and possibly for dark-skinned people, with ' low sun exposure.Because of the relationship documented causal relationship between skin cancer and sunbeds, many British and international health organizations have recommended to the public that tanning beds should not be used, or to limit the use and are regulated to protect public health.
Lack of regulation
There are other provisions of general health and safety advice mentioned, in order to control the use of solariums.
The HSE has issued guidelines and deck space and cosmeticsThe machines are subject to the requirements of health and safety in Scotland. Exposure control is governed by the general provisions of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the management of the Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999
To comply with these laws are required duty holder, causing the safety and health risks of their activities, assess risks to employees, customers, users, exposure to ultraviolet and brought into forceMeasures to control these risks as far as reasonably possible.
Specific guidance has been issued by the HSE on the control of risks arising from the use of UV tanning equipment and are available at:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg209.pdf
Some companies operate in a voluntary code of conduct agreed between the Association table. The Association supports the bed 20-25% of cosmetic sun rooms are among the members. Consequently, with these numbers, the voluntary agreementscan be effectively limited.
Although the Sun Bank Association provides training programs, seems to be no requirement for training with the non-therapeutic use of ultraviolet radiation linked. The responsibility is on the provider to the appropriate information with which potential customers is to offer an informed decision on whether or not tanning for their use make them suitable. International law is different, but it is significant that he recognized the need for regulationFrance, Belgium, Sweden, Canada and the United States. There are European standards for the emission intensity of UV light and tanning products to adjust.
The case of Baby Shop Licensing
It is only in the last decade that the health authorities in Scotland have begun, the health risks of pain associated with solarium use, and especially highlight the increased risk of skin cancer. In the past, have provided many local tanning salon in their recreation centers. TheAssociation of solarium with recreational facilities reinforces the perception that a tan is a sign of good health. Fortunately, over the past decade, most beds have been removed from urban areas. The main thing this has done, because the local authorities this is an action that may discourage the use of sun tanning for cosmetic purposes, and assume the risks associated with the use of highlighting.
Moreover, the problem of skin cancer has often been seen asCommunity problem, with the next incumbent on local authorities to take action. But while the supply of tanning beds has decreased in municipal structures, the number of tanning beds has increased local business.
In addition, there is growing concern that some cosmetic tanning beds are badly managed, and offer little guidance on the health risks associated with solarium use.
A 2003 survey of 794 local cosmetic REHIS in all 32 Scottish local authority areasA number of non-crew and unattended and salons that do not have time to check the customer or the type of skin, or diseases that continue to use the bed may have been particularly ill-advised. In addition, the survey revealed a number of salons that were otherwise adequate protection for the eyes of customers.
Investigations in Britain and North America show that the tanning salon operators usually show the ignorance of the tanning bed risks and enforce rules for useDeck chairs.
The University of Dundee and Perth and Kinross Council, revealed in a joint study by the privately operated facilities in Tayside following important cases of poor practice:
89%, or exercise any administrative control over the number of sessions / client
or 81% gave no advice to his client
or 59% did not receive the customer data
or 33% showed no evidence for users
To adopt the latest revision of many traders to more UV lampswith wavelengths of even greater concern has led to health professions. An assessment by the Photobiology Unit at the University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital concluded that "all units of tanning potentially harmful and that the recent stand-up guy has a much greater risk than has been generally assumed.
Scottish Executive proposal
Compel local authorities to regulate the licensing of local cosmetic lying. Require suppliers of cosmetics and tanning facilitiesEquipment to obtain a license to operate from the local authority. The license terms will be set up so that local authorities could be:
o Avoid the use of sunbeds by children
or protect adults from over-exposure
o Make sure that users are monitored solarium
end or the use of vending machines
o Make sure that the sessions monitored and limited sun
Making information or risk the health of sunbed salons
or visit the local
The proposal aims toachieve a number of objectives. Providing health risk information to ensure that adults are able to make informed decisions about the risks of sunbed use. The conditions should avoid the personnel on site licenses, which help to excessive UV light, especially by those who are sensitive to such users with fair skin would be. Reduce the number of burns and accidents attributed to misuse of equipment unattended and would drive the current standardsbetween operators. The rooms are not permitted do not have a license to trade.
The lack of available bed spaces and can have harmful effects this is best illustrated with an example.
In the summer of 2004, two boys aged 11 and 13 years unattended chairs used in Stirling and was burned so badly they had to be hospitalized. Stirling Council and environmental health officers were alerted to investigate the incident, but because there isLegislation for the regulation of tanning beds may not be room for measures against the non-personal, or that young people are put under the age of 16, an sundeck.
The impact of the licensing system
It is expected that these companies can not meet the requirement of approval would be necessary to invest in their businesses or be forced to change his job. This includes the existence of coin-operated machines, tanning beds and the presence ofA-staff positions.
The cost of a permit system must be brought against the cost of harm reduction can be compensated by sun. Although there may be a fee for operators of local regulations to be in the long run, the number of Scots would be present - around 7,000 a year - who are treated for skin cancer through the National Health Service.
Completion
Scotland must take measures to prevent skin cancer and address the public health message, bedsare potentially dangerous should be heard loud and clear. A licensing system for the tanning salon could do for lung cancer for cancer of the skin, which the health warning on cigarette packets.
There would be health control in a field otherwise highly regulated introduced, it would protect our young people and children from harm, and would raise public awareness about the dangers of skin cancer.
It is proposed that the system of voluntary regulation is ineffective, and it may be necessaryfor formal regulation in this area. Adjusting beds to ensure that children do not use it and to ensure that all users of the risks associated with sun, could be an important step forward in Scotland unit skin cancer epidemic under control.
Reference Materials: (If you have a deeper interest)
1 Statistical Information Team Cancer Research UK (2006) 'CancerStats, malignant melanoma UK'Information available online athttp://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/
2 Spencer, J. & Amonette, R. Indoor tanning beds: risks, benefits and future trends.
3 Solar radiation and ultraviolet. (IARCPress, Lyon, 1992)
4 Gallagher RP, Spinelli JJ, Lee TK. Tanning beds, sunlamps and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:562
5 Young AR, tanning devices - fast track to skin cancer? Pigment Cell Res 2004; 17:2-9
6 Karagas MR, Stannard VA, Mott LA, et al.(2002) Use of tanning devices and risk of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 94:224-6.
7 Westerdahl J, Olsson H, Masback A et al. (1994) "The use of sunbeds and sunlamps and malignant melanoma in southern Sweden." American Journal of Eepidemiology 140:691-9.
8 Diffey, B. A quantitative estimate of melanoma mortality from ultraviolet A solarium use UKBr J Dermatol 149, 578-81 (2003).
WHO Fact Sheet 9: beds, tanning and UVExhibition, March 2005, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs287/en/
10 Gerber B, Mathys, P. Moser, M., Bressoud, D. Fahrländer & Braun, C. Ultraviolet emission spectra sunbeds. Photochem Photobiol 76, 664-8 (2002).
11 Wester U., Boldemann, C., Jansson, B. & Ullén, H. Population UV-dose and skin - not lying rival the sun? Health Phys 77, 436-40 (1999)
12 P. Autier Perspectives in melanoma prevention: When the sun. Eur J Cancer 40,2367-2376 (2004). Non-broadcast Advertising Standards Authority adjudication, 7September 2005, http://www.asa.org.uk
13 Lim HW, sunlight, tanning and Vitamin D, J Am Acad Dermatol 2005, 52, 868-76
14 British Medical Association-http: / / www.bma.org.uk
15 Executive Action invites REHIS sofas, putting at risk the poor Scottish Standard, November 2003
16 Ross, R. & Phillips, B. Twenty questions for tanning equipment operators: a survey of knowledge of the operator. CanJ Public Health 85, 393-6 (1994)
17 Moseley, H., Davidson, M. & Ferguson, J. A hazard assessment of artificial tanning units. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomedia 14, 79-87 (1998).
18 Culley, C. et al. Compliance with federal and state laws by solarium are located in San Diego. J Am Acad Dermatol 44, 53-60 (2001).
19 Moseley, H, J and Ferguson MDavidson. (1999), "lying and knowing the need," British Journal of Dermatology. 141: 573-609
20 RoyalEnvironmental Health Institute survey, November 2003 [footnote 2].
21 NHS Scotland - sunbed salons in Scotland Survey. Information from Royal Environmental Health Institute of Scotland, 3 Manor Place, Edinburgh, EH3 7DH, in November 2003 put together.
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